In Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Intelligent Data Science Technologies and Applications (IDSTA), San Antonio, TX, USA, 57 September 2022; pp. In the previous example, we have discussed how to sort the list of objects on the basis of a single field using Comparable and Comparator interface But, what if we have a requirement to sort ArrayList objects in accordance with more than one field like firstly, sort according to the student name and secondly, sort according to student age. As an example, imagine we have a list of students who applied for an exam, and another list of students who passed it. SomeClass) but I can still use a plain vanilla unit testing framework. Finding differences between collections of objects of the same data type is a common programming task. JavaTpoint offers too many high quality services. 5: 2972. Replication studies are needed to confirm and generalize the results to a more extensive set of Index variants. The relationship between all pairs of Index variants under study is positive and strong to very strong. In Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Distributed Objects for the 21st Century, Genova, Italy, 610 July 2009; Association for Computing Machinery: New York, NY, USA, 2009. 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This program compiles and executes successfully. This logic will be generated by the IDE's such as Eclipse or IntelliJ Idea tools. [. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13052972, Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals, You can make submissions to other journals. But, if the Class has so many properties, the code will be . methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. Then, we will compare the objects by using the BeanComparator by calling its compare() method. ; Goldinger, S.D. In the following example, we have created two classes Employee.java and HashCodeExample.java. When implementing it, we need to make sure that the method returns: A positive integer, if the current object is greater than the parameter object A negative integer, if the current object is less than the parameter object During maintenance, software systems undergo continuous correction and enhancement activities due to emerging faults, changing environments, and evolving requirements, making this phase expensive and time-consuming, often exceeding the initial development costs. Available online: Verifysoft Technology. [. Additionally, by having a better understanding of the characteristics that contribute to maintainability and how they can be measured by different Index variants, practitioners can also make informed decisions about how to prioritize and focus their efforts to improve these aspects of their software during development, leading to improvements in software quality and the long-term sustainability of their software systems. [. In java, being object-oriented, it is always dynamically created and automatically destroyed by the garbage collector as the scope of the object is over. Overriding equals() method in the Employee Object, 4. 107110. In the future, it would be interesting to extend our study to software systems written in other object-oriented programming languages, such as Python and C#. Lodash's isEqual() function is the most sophisticated way to compare two objects. In Proceedings of the 2022 45th Jubilee International Convention on Information, Communication and Electronic Technology (MIPRO), Opatija, Croatia, 2327 May 2022; pp. Despite this, the Index variants without comment parts still tend to be more similar to each other than those without comment parts and vice versa. Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view. [. 149154. Another potential area of research is to conduct replication studies of existing work by analyzing the results from the perspective of using Index variants other than the one primarily selected. First, in, The results of the correlation analysis were further analyzed through multidimensional scaling to gain a deeper understanding of the relationships between the Index variants. With extensive use of the Maintainability Index in software research and practice, the Index has been fine-tuned over time to better represent the maintainability characteristics of software systems, to ease the calculation, or to aid the interpretation of the results. Ignoring which Index variant is used to assess maintainability could lead to misleading perceptions. most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal. Hence, it requires being measured and quantified indirectly while relying on internal attributes that can be measured from software directly [, In the last few decades, the object-oriented paradigm has emerged as one of the most-widely used paradigms for modeling and developing software. To perform the comparison of objects, we have created a separate class named HashCodeExample. How do different Maintainability Index variants perform when utilized for maintainability measurement between different software systems? Method 1: One obvious approach is to write our own sort () function using one of the standard algorithms. Oregon Workshop on Software Metrics. 14. Objects are equal when they have the same state (usually comparing variables). and Get Certified. Java Comparable must define o1.compareTo (o2) used to implement natural ordering of objects we must modify the class whose instances we want to sort it's in the same class only one implementation Comparing each element of a List against some condition. Murthy, A.R.C. Due to this behavior there are many (myself included) who suggest overridingEqualsto make sure that the actual values are compared, which could be a problem if our production code cannot be changed to accommodate our tests. Ltd. All rights reserved. I prefer this method since I no longer need to make changes to my production code (e.g. Most of the time, we want to compare the actual values inside the objects. To answer RQ2, the results were analyzed from two perspectives: between versions of the same software system, where three software systems with their versions were considered, and between different software systems, where the last version of each included software system was considered. 525532. Objects are identical when they share the class identity. Moreover, when comparing the maintainability of software systems using different variants of the Index, very similar outputs can be expected for all variants without the comment part and all variants with the comment part. Even though the findings are likely valid for software based on other object-oriented languages, further research is needed to confirm them. and B.. Inferential statistics were employed to determine if there was a statistically significant difference in the maintainability measurements of the two Index variants. Misra, S.C. The hash code is managed by a hash-based data structure, such as HashTable, HashSet, etc. ; Anda, B.; Mockus, A. In a similar way Ive created a new extension method that would compare the properties on two classes: And now I can use the following to compare my expected value with the value returned by the test: Simple(ish) is it? Mail us on [emailprotected], to get more information about given services. String class provides the following two methods: public boolean equals (Object another) compares this string to the specified object. if both the strings are equal lexicographically i.e. Using JSON.stringify. We have stored the hash code value in the variable a and b, respectively. The reason is that deep down inside our assert have no idea what is an equal object and so it runsObject.Equalsand throws an exception in case of failure. = maximum. Try Programiz PRO: Besides the above-presented Index variants, several others were proposed in the literature incorporating other software metrics that measure additional software aspects, e.g., cohesion and coupling; yet, they are not widely used. Another threat to external validity is the set of Index variants studied. Hayes, J.; Patel, S.; Zhao, L. A metrics-based software maintenance effort model. You are accessing a machine-readable page. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Software Metrics Symposium, Berlin, Germany, 2526 March 1996; pp. ; Symeonidis, A.L. This tutorial shows you how to get the list of properties with different value on two objects. Although different Index variants present different values when subjected to the same software system, the Index variant values are very strongly positively correlated and indicate in a similar manner how maintainability evolves between releases and from a more long-term perspective. Welker, K.D. Now execute the code using Run option or Ctrl+f11 and output as below gets displayed. let us create a new Employee e3 object with the same values as e1. So, our custom equals() method in the Employee class is invoked. 1) By Using equals () Method The String class equals () method compares the original content of the string. Compute all the permutations of the string. Streansk, P.; Chren, S.; Rossi, B. For non-object-oriented software systems, an Index value below 65 indicates poor maintainability, between 65 and 85 indicates medium maintainability, and above 85 indicates high maintainability [. Consequently, the maintainability of object-oriented software has become a significant topic of interest for both software researchers and practitioners. Object-oriented programming paradigm for damage tolerant evaluation of engineering structural components. Create two variables, minimum and maximum. This paper evaluated and compared the Index variants by applying them to Java open-source software systems. Were in fact testing oneSomeClassthat happen to have two properties. interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. You believe you can do it all by yourself? In Proceedings of the Software Engineering Productivity Conference, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, 7 April 1992; pp. We limited our selection to well-defined variants (i.e., variants with an adequate description of the metrics needed for computation, the process of the metrics collection, and the process of Index calculation) that are commonly used in existing research on object-oriented software. It returns true if all values of the two objects are the same. ; supervision, B.. However, it is still unclear how different Index variants compare when applied to software systems. Please do not add any spam links in the comments section. those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). Software maintenance is a phase in the software life cycle that refers to modifications of a software system after delivery, aiming to provide support to the system [, Maintainability is an external quality attribute. Java | Collectors maxBy(Comparator comparator) with Examples, Java | Collectors minBy(Comparator comparator) with Examples, Stream sorted (Comparator comparator) method in Java, TreeSet comparator() Method in Java with Examples, TreeMap comparator() method in Java with Examples, SortedMap comparator() method in Java with Examples, ConcurrentSkipListSet comparator() method in Java with Examples, Comparator nullsFirst() method in Java with examples, Comparator comparingInt() in Java with examples. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. [. Enjoy unlimited access on 5500+ Hand Picked Quality Video Courses. In Java, hash code is a 32-bit signed integer value. The objectives of this work were twofold: first, to highlight distinct variants of the Maintainability Index employed to measure maintainability in object-oriented systems and assess the results of variants when applied to measure the maintainability of the same subject software; second, to research the results of the variants when applied to measure the maintainability of a software system to compare the system with other systems. Programming languages, designed mainly for object-oriented programming, namely Java, C#, and Python, are currently widely used and adapted by organizations and software developers [, The maintainability of a system is a software quality factor that reflects the ease with which a system can undergo various modifications in the software maintenance phase [, To quantify the software maintainability of any system with a single value, Oman and Hagemeister [, Another measure of software maintainability is the change metric defined by Li and Henry [, Furthermore, researchers have proposed several maintainability measurement and prediction models based on capturing maintenance performance with cost, time, or effort spent in the maintenance process [, Another way of assessing maintainability is based on the subjective evaluation of software systems by experts [. ; Papesh, M.H. New JavaScript and Web Development content every day. ; Ojha, A. Correlations between Internal Software Metrics and Software Dependability in a Large Population of Small C/C++ Programs. To address these threats, our research relied on a version of 45 different software systems and all versions of 3 software systems, a sample generally larger than that in related work. In order to change the way two objects are compared in an assert we only need change the behavior of one of them the expect value (might change depending on the unit testing framework). To meet the above-specified objectives, the following two research questions (RQs) were formulated: How do different Maintainability Index variants perform when utilized for the maintainability measurement of a single object-oriented software system? Granja-Alvarez, J.C.; Barranco-Garca, M.J. A Method for Estimating Maintenance Cost in a Software Project: A Case Study. And since book4 and book5 all point to the same object instance, book1, so book 4 === book5 is true. You compare Java primitives (int, long, double, etc.) Software code maintainability: A literature review. Ganpati, A.; Kalia, A.; Singh, H. A comparative study of maintainability index of open source software. A Feature We have now checked the objects comparisons manually by calling the equals() method but this is not a good solution for the comparison of the objects. Furthermore, the results of the study may not generalize to the broader population of object-oriented systems based on programming languages other than Java. In Proceedings of the 2015 41st Euromicro Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications, Madeira, Portugal, 2628 August 2015; pp. Although different variants presented different values when subjected to the same software, their values were strongly positively correlated and generally indicated similarly how maintainability evolved between releases and over the long term. Visual StudioMaintainability Index. and B.. JavaTpoint offers college campus training on Core Java, Advance Java, .Net, Android, Hadoop, PHP, Web Technology and Python. Najm, N. Measuring Maintainability Index of a Software Depending on Line of Code Only. However, not only are the referenced arrays different in content, but the references themselves are also different. If we assigned a to b, then we would have a different result: Integer a = new Integer ( 1 ); Integer b = a; assertThat (a == b).isTrue (); The results showed that the choice of the variant could influence the perception of maintainability. Basic Sort With Lambda Support. This can be done by using the org.apache.commons.beanutils.BeanComparator comparator. Future efforts could also be invested in investigating and determining the Index threshold levels for object-oriented software. 8487. In Proceedings of the 2012 ACM-IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement, Lund, Sweden, 1920 September 2012; pp. And who is better in changing behavior of objects in tests than your friendly-neighborhood mocking framework? 187192. Syntax: public boolean equals (Object obj) This article is contributed by Rishabh Mahrsee. 2023, 13, 2972. Below are 5 ways to compare two Strings in Java: Using user-defined function : Define a function to compare values with following conditions : if (string1 > string2) it returns a positive value. Available online: Molnar, A.J. To achieve the research objectives, experiments were conducted on Java open-source software systems. If you are not calling the Collections.sort() method then our comparator logic will not be executed. An object is an instance of a class that has its state and behavior. Multidimensional scaling. Based on their characteristics, behavior, and interrelationships, the variants were divided into two distinct clusters, i.e., variants that do not consider code comments in their calculation and those that do. We rarely compare the object references in real projects. The only difference is in person1, the property age appears before name, meanwhile, in person2, name comes before age. First, we convert the JavaScript objects to JSON strings and then compare those strings . A Computer Science portal for geeks. A quick guide on how to compare two objects for equality in Java 8. Else print minimum and maximum variables. 235239. [. Please mail your requirement at [emailprotected] Duration: 1 week to 2 week. To understand and manage software under development and maintenance better, several maintainability measures have been proposed. using the operators <, <=, ==, =>, >. ; methodology, T.H. Lavazza, L.; Abualkishik, A.Z. In the following example, we have created constructor of the Double and Long class and passes corresponding values, as an argument that stored in their objects, respectively. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. Kaur, A.; Kaur, K.; Pathak, K. A proposed new model for maintainability index of open source software. In this way, many comparisons between two objects need not go through the comparison of every value within them. The above program produced the output saying both e1, e3 objects are not the same even though both objects are having the same values. Predicting the maintainability of open source software using design metrics. 2.2. Available online: Lacchia, M. Radon. This resulted in several defined variants of the Index. [. In Proceedings of the 18th IEEE International Symposium on Software Reliability (ISSRE 07), Trollhattan, Sweden, 59 November 2007; pp. C4 Software Technology Reference Guide-A Prototype, Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Help us to further improve by taking part in this short 5 minute survey, RBCN-Net: A Data-Driven Inertial Navigation Algorithm for Pedestrians, Sum Rate Optimization Scheme of UAV-Assisted NOMA under Hardware Impairments, The Impact of Agile Methodology on Project Success, with a Moderating Role of Persons Job Fit in the IT Industry of Pakistan, Software Engineering: Computer Science and System, http://www.virtualmachinery.com/sidebar4.htm, https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2021, http://www.virtualmachinery.com/jhawkprod.htm, https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/visualstudio/code-quality/code-metrics-maintainability-index-range-and-meaning, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Original Maintainability Index with comment part, Improved Maintainability Index with comment part, Maintainability Index using Lines Of Code only, JHawk Maintainability Index with comment part, Average Percent of Lines of Comments per module, Evaluating the maintainability prediction power of the Index for object-oriented software on the class level, There is a slight inverse relationship between the measures, Comparing the Index calculations from two frameworks on a software and component level, The difference between calculations is negligible, Investigating the consistency of software maintenance metrics at the system level, The measures are not mutually consistent for evaluating maintainability, Comparing methods for software technical debt identification on the between-release level, Releases of twenty Python software systems, The Index and SIG method show more similarity, while the Index and SQALE analysis show less, Christa, S.; Madhusudhan, V.; Suma, V.; Rao, J.J. Software Maintenance: From the Perspective of Effort and Cost Requirement. To answer RQ1 and RQ2.1, the most recently released version at the time of conducting the experiments for each of the 45 software systems under study was used. Avg. Vijaya; Sharma, S.; Batra, N. Comparative Study of Single Linkage, Complete Linkage, and Ward Method of Agglomerative Clustering. To explore the variants and understand how they compare when evaluating software maintainability, an experiment was conducted with 45 Java-based object-oriented software systems. Kaur and Singh [, Although there are some similarities with the existing work, the lack of a comprehensive approach to comparing multiple variations of the Index makes our work the first of its kind in the field. And since book4 and book5 all point to the same object instance, book1, so book 4 === book5 is true. Copyright 2011-2021 www.javatpoint.com. [. Learn to code interactively with step-by-step guidance. How to Find an Element in a List with Java. 2021. In, To assess the relationship between Index variants in the context of comparing the maintainability of versions of the same software system, a correlation analysis was conducted for each case study. All examples are shown in this article are over. Although there are differences in the values produced by different variants of an Index used to measure software system maintainability, the variants tend to behave similarly when comparing maintainability between systems. In addition, it would be valuable to examine the Index variants for maintainability assessments at levels other than the system level (i.e., packages, classes) since this study focused only on examining Index variants at the overall system level. Kaur, L.; Mishra, A. Though, when focusing on fine-grained results posed by the Index, the variant selection had a larger impact. A fuzzy approach for evaluation of maintainability of object oriented software system. = kurtosis, SW = ShapiroWilk Test. In this case, the result of the comparison is false. Three empirical studies on predicting software maintainability using ensemble methods. Using two asserts would work, at least for a time. The problem is that failing the first assert would cause an exception to be thrown leaving us with no idea if the second would have passed or failed. 2021. De Lucia, A.; Pompella, E.; Stefanucci, S. Assessing effort estimation models for corrective maintenance through empirical studies. Java Program to Compare Two Objects Difficulty Level : Medium Last Updated : 16 Jun, 2021 Read Discuss Courses Practice Video An object is an instance of a class that has its state and behavior. That does not work for objects. 203208. To reduce the likelihood of errors caused by humans, the process of collecting software metrics and computing the Index variants for all software under study was performed automatically by running scripts. This issue has already been noted by systematic literature reviews conducted in the research field [, In the literature, the Maintainability Index has been used as a measure of maintainability extensively researched from various perspectives. The Index variants computation was performed according to the equations presented in. [. "Exploring Maintainability Index Variants for Software Maintainability Measurement in Object-Oriented Systems" Applied Sciences 13, no. Lets say you just want to compare object references regardless of their content, then you can use the strict equality (===) or the loose one (==). equals() and hashCode() method. It uses this result to then determine if they should be swapped for their sort. Oman, P.; Hagemeister, J. A generic methodology for early identification of non-maintainable source code components through analysis of software releases. [, Prabowo, G.; Suryotrisongko, H.; Tjahyanto, A. Finally, How to compare and sort the List of employees using the Collections.comparing() method. A comparator object is capable of comparing two objects of the same class. Join the DZone community and get the full member experience. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13052972, Heriko T, umak B. This means that when focusing on finer-grained results posed by the Index, the selection of the Index variant has even more of an impact on the maintainability perception. Microsoft. How do different Maintainability Index variants perform when utilized for maintainability measurement between versions of the same software system? Now we will create one more class with the below code and save it as Car.java. = standard deviation, Min. Note that the object should not be modified. ; formal analysis, T.H. We can, therefore, compare them: assertThat (planes1).isNotSameAs (planes2); To sum up, in this case, we have two arrays in memory that contain the same String values in exactly the same order. This may offer intriguing insights into whether and how the selection of Index variants affects the results and established findings in the software engineering research community. permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. Here is the string comparison which is possible in Java. Research on Software Maintenance Cost of Influence Factor Analysis and Estimation Method. The correctness and completeness of this process were manually verified on a sample of subjects. When comparing the maintainability of different versions of the same software using different Index variants, the relationship between the variants remains positive, but can range from moderate to very strong. If anyone of these properties values are not the same then it returns false. Convert a String to Character Array in Java. By using this website, you agree with our Cookies Policy. The Maintainability Index was calculated for each software system under study using seven variants: Next, data analysis on the acquired data was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 28 and Python 3.7.6. with the matplotlib, NumPy, pandas, SciPy, seaborn, and scikit-learn libraries. De Stefano, M.; Iannone, E.; Pecorelli, F.; Tamburri, D.A. Impacts of software community patterns on process and product: An empirical study. Anyone who has ever Googled (Binged?) 367377. ; Motogna, S. A Study of Maintainability in Evolving Open-Source Software. Imagine you have two instances of a Class and you want to find what properties have different value. Since the chosen analyses may bias the result, we explained the idea and motivation for each data analysis method used. Create a HashMap object and add a few employee objects as key and value will be the salary of the employee object. Learn Java practically Maintainab. It returns true if the objects are equal, else returns false. By changing the return value inside the compare method, you can sort in any order that you wish to, for example: For descending order just change the positions of a and b in the above compare method. To explore the variants and understand how they compare when evaluating software maintainability, an experiment was conducted with 45 Java-based object-oriented software systems. In the second comparison, equals () checks to see whether the passed object is null, or if it's typed as a different. Exploring Maintainability Index Variants for Software Maintainability Measurement in Object-Oriented Systems. Well, its easy for the primitive types, not for the objects. You seem to have javascript disabled. Let us look then at the code inside Object.equals() method and understand its internals. Checking the hash values using hashCode() before entering the equals() reduces the time taken to produce the solution drastically. In this section, we will learn how equals() and hashCode() method works.